8
CBSE Marks
★★★★★
Difficulty
10
Topics
High
Board Weight
Topics Covered
10 key topics in this chapter
Why Reproduction?
Modes of Reproduction
Asexual: Fission, Fragmentation
Budding & Spore Formation
Vegetative Propagation
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Pollination & Fertilisation
Fruit and Seed Formation
Human Reproductive System
Reproductive Health
Study Resources
Key Formulas & Reactions
| Formula / Reaction / Rule | Expression |
|---|---|
| Binary Fission | \(Single cell → 2 identical daughter cells\) |
| Budding | \(Outgrowth on parent → detaches as new individual\) |
| Vegetative Prop. | \(Stem/leaf/root → new plant (potato tubers, runners)\) |
| Pollination | \(Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma\) |
| Fertilisation | \(Male gamete (pollen) + Female gamete (ovule) → Zygote\) |
| Development | \(Zygote → Embryo → Seed → New plant\) |
Important Points to Remember
Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring (clones). Binary fission (Amoeba, bacteria), budding (Hydra, yeast), fragmentation (Spirogyra).
Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation through meiosis and gamete fusion. Variation is the raw material for evolution.
In flowering plants: pollen (male) + ovule (female) → fertilisation → seed inside fruit.
Contraception methods include physical barriers (condom, diaphragm), chemical (pills), surgical (vasectomy, tubectomy), and IUCD.