Topics Covered

10 key topics in this chapter

Physical Properties: Metals

Physical Properties: Non-metals

Chemical Properties of Metals

Reactions with O₂, Water, Acids

Reactivity Series

Ionic Bond Formation

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Occurrence of Metals

Extraction of Metals

Corrosion & Prevention

Study Resources

Formula / Reaction / Rule	Expression
Metal + O₂	\(4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O \| 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO\)
Metal + Water	\(2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂↑\)
Metal + Acid	\(Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂↑\)
Thermite	\(2Al + Fe₂O₃ → Al₂O₃ + 2Fe (Δ)\)
Galvanisation	\(Coating iron with zinc to prevent corrosion\)
Ionic Bond Energy	\(Lattice energy stabilises ionic compounds\)

Metals are malleable, ductile, lustrous, good conductors. Non-metals are generally brittle, dull, poor conductors (except graphite).

Reactivity Series (high to low): K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au.

Ionic bonds form when metals transfer electrons to non-metals; ionic compounds have high melting points and conduct in molten/aqueous state.

Thermite reaction: 2Al + Fe₂O₃ → Al₂O₃ + 2Fe + heat. Used in welding rails.