What is Newton's First Law of Motion?

Newton's First Law states that a body remains at rest or in uniform straight-line motion unless acted upon by a net external force; this is called the law of inertia.

What is Newton's Second Law of Motion?

Newton's Second Law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the applied net force and takes place in the direction of the force, \(\vec{F} = \frac{d\vec{p}}{dt} = m\vec{a}\).

What is Newton's Third Law of Motion?

Newton's Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces always occur in pairs acting on different bodies.

Inertia is the property of a body by virtue of which it resists any change in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.

What is linear momentum?

Linear momentum \(\vec{p}\) of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity, \(\vec{p} = m\vec{v}\).

Impulse of a force is the product of force and the time for which it acts and is equal to the change in momentum, \(I = F\Delta t = \Delta p\).

State the law of conservation of linear momentum.

In an isolated system with no external force, the total linear momentum of the system remains constant during any interaction.

Write the mathematical form of Newton's Second Law for constant mass.

For constant mass, Newton's Second Law reduces to \(\vec{F}_{net} = m\vec{a}\).

What is an inertial frame of reference?

An inertial frame is a reference frame in which Newton's First Law holds, i.e., a frame that is either at rest or moving with uniform velocity.

What is a non-inertial frame of reference?

A non-inertial frame is a reference frame that is accelerating with respect to an inertial frame, in which fictitious or pseudo forces must be introduced to apply Newton's laws.

What is pseudo force?

Pseudo force is an apparent force introduced in a non-inertial frame of reference, given by \(\vec{F}_{pseudo} = -m\vec{a}_{frame}\), acting opposite to the acceleration of the frame.

Define normal reaction.

Normal reaction is the contact force exerted by a surface on a body, acting perpendicular to the surface.

Friction is the contact force that opposes the relative motion or the tendency of relative motion between two surfaces in contact.

What are static and kinetic friction?

Static friction acts between surfaces at rest relative to each other and can vary up to a limiting value, while kinetic friction acts when surfaces slide over each other with relative motion.

What is limiting friction?

Limiting friction is the maximum value of static friction just before the body begins to move relative to the surface.

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⚡ Master Laws of Motion
NCERT Class 11 · Chapter 4

Real PYQs from top competitive exams — filter by exam, attempt each question, track your progress and submit to see your full score report.

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Newton's LawsFrictionTensionPulleyPseudo Force

Real PYQs

Exam Bodies

15+

Years Covered

~10%

Exam Weightage

PYQs Overview

⚖️

Newton's Laws — All Three

First (inertia), Second (F=ma), Third (action-reaction) — conceptual + numerical.

★★★★★

95% Frequency

🔗

Tension & Connected Bodies

Atwood machine, pulley systems, two-body on surface.

★★★★★

90% Frequency

🌀

Friction (Static & Kinetic)

μ_s > μ_k; maximum static friction; angle of friction and repose.

★★★★★

92% Frequency

🔄

Circular Dynamics

Banking of roads, conical pendulum, car on curved road.

★★★★☆

78% Frequency

🚀

Pseudo Force & Non-Inertial Frames

Lift problems, apparent weight, centrifugal force concept.

★★★★☆

72% Frequency

📐

Constraint Equations

Relationship between accelerations in pulley systems.

★★★☆☆

60% Frequency

Topic Frequency

Newton's Laws (All) 95%

Friction 92%

Tension & Pulley 90%

Circular Dynamics (Banking) 78%

Pseudo Force/Lift 72%

Constraint Equations 60%

Impulse & Momentum 55%

💡 Did You Know?

F=ma numericals in every exam since 2002
Friction angle = asked yearly in NEET
Atwood machine — classic JEE/NEET staple
Banking angle formula — zero skips in 12 years
Chapter 5 = most applied chapter of Unit 2

Key Takeaways

🔑

Newton's 2nd Law: F_net = ma

Always draw FBD first. Every force acting on the body must appear.

⚡

Static friction ≤ μ_s × N

Kinetic friction = μ_k × N (constant). μ_s > μ_k always.

📐

Tension same on both sides of massless pulley

For massive pulley: use torque equation additionally.

🌊

Banking angle: tan θ = v²/rg

Ideal banking — no friction needed. Real roads use friction too.

🧮

Apparent weight in lift

a upward: W_app = m(g+a). a downward: W_app = m(g–a). Free fall: 0.

🎯

Angle of friction = Angle of repose

tan φ = μ_s. Object just starts sliding on incline when θ = φ.

Study Strategy

Newton's Laws — ConceptDay 1–2

All three laws with examples, misconceptions, applications.

Free Body DiagramsDay 3

Draw FBD for every situation — single body, connected, on incline.

Friction ProblemsDay 4

Static, kinetic, angle of friction, block on incline — 25 problems.

Pulley & AtwoodDay 5

Massless pulley, Atwood machine, connected bodies — 20 problems.

Circular & Non-InertialDay 6

Banking, conical pendulum, lift problems — 15 problems.

Attempt All PYQsDay 7

Friction and F=ma numericals are guaranteed marks.

Mock TestDay 8

30-Q timed. Free body diagram skill is the single most important tool.

🗓️ 8-Day Chapter Plan

Day 1–2	Newton's Laws — Concept
Day 3	Free Body Diagrams
Day 4	Friction Problems
Day 5	Pulley & Atwood
Day 6	Circular & Non-Inertial
Day 7	Attempt All PYQs
Day 8	Mock Test

🧠 Pro Tip: Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) before every problem — even experienced students make sign errors without it.

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